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Hibiscus syriacus Extract from an Established Cell Culture Stimulates Skin Wound Healing
Higher plants are the source of a wide array of bioactive compounds that support skin integrity and health. Hibiscus syriacus, family Malvaceae, is a plant of Chinese origin known for its antipyretic, anthelmintic, and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to assess the healing and hydration properties of H. syriacus ethanolic extract (HSEE). We established a cell culture from hibiscus extract and obtained an ethanol soluble extract from cultured cells. The properties of the extract were tested by gene expression and functional analyses on human fibroblast, keratinocytes, and skin explants. HSEE treatment increased the healing potential of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Specifically, HSEE significantly stimulated fibronectin and collagen synthesis by 16 and 60%, respectively, while fibroblasts contractility was enhanced by 30%. These results were confirmed on skin explants, where HSEE accelerated the wound healing activity in terms of epithelium formation and fibronectin production. Moreover, HSEE increased the expression of genes involved in skin hydration and homeostasis. Specifically, aquaporin 3 and filaggrin genes were enhanced by 20 and 58%, respectively. Our data show that HSEE contains compounds capable of stimulating expression of biomarkers relevant to skin regeneration and hydration thereby counteracting molecular pathways leading to skin damage and aging.
Wound healing is a dynamic physiological process by which the skin regenerates itself upon injury. The restoration of tissue integrity is the result of the interaction between several distinct cellular elements (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, monocytes/macrophages, and endothelial cells) and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as fibronectin and collagen whose contraction encourages the edges of the wound to shrink together [1]. The supply of the ideal microenvironment at the wound surface is fundamental for reaching full skin wound's healing potential. Indeed, adverse factors, such as infection, mechanical stress, or toxic agents, can significantly affect the skin ability to heal. Additionally, the process of wound healing is altered in a dry skin and skin of aged individuals [2]. Skin dryness alters the ability of epithelial cells to migrate and cover the wound site and reduces the supply of white blood cells and nutrients, which are essentials to form new tissues and protect skin against infections [3].
Skin hydration depends on the humidity of the environment and the hygroscopic properties of the stratum corneum, the uppermost epidermal layer. The ability of the stratum corneum to retain water relies on the natural moisturizing factor (NMF), a set of substances including ions, small solutes, and free amino acids which are largely formed by the breakdown products of filaggrin protein [4].
Skin care products are often developed from plants. Higher plants are the source of a wide array of biochemicals that can support the health and integrity of the skin and are widely used in cosmetic formulations.
H. syriacus, family Malvaceae, is a plant of Chinese origin already known in Asia for its antipyretic, anthelmintic, and antifungal properties [5]. H. syriacus extract was previously shown to have antioxidant capacity [6] and antiproliferative effects on human lung cancer cells [7]. However, the leaves of hibiscus calyx extract genus are traditionally acclaimed as hair tonic in the Indian system of medicine. Accordingly, topical application of H. syriacus extract was found to stimulate hair growth thereby validating the ethnomedical use of this plants for hair loss treatment [8].
Remarkably, H. rosa-sinensis of the genus hibiscus extract powder was previously reported to efficiently act as wound healing agent by increasing cellular proliferation and collagen synthesis [9]. More recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicated Hibiscus syriacus L. flower absolute (HSF) as a highly effective agent for wound treatment because of its ability to promote keratinocyte proliferation and migration [10].
A chemical study performed on raw material from the epigeal part of the plant revealed the presence of flavonoids [dihydroquercetin, herbacetin, kaempferol, saponaretin, and saponarin] previously demonstrated to be able to reduce UVB-induced erythema and tumorigenesis [11]. Furthermore, H. syriacus extract was also found to be rich in anthocyanins, fatty acids, and several types of pigments [12].
Nowadays, cell suspension cultures from plants provide a viable alternative over whole plant cultivation for the production of secondary metabolites. They represent standardized, contaminant-free, and biosustainable sources of beneficial bioactive compounds for cosmetics on an industrial scale [12, 13].
We have established stem cell suspension cultures of H. syriacus and prepared a hydro/alcoholic extract rich in flavonoids and coumarins. Here, we present a study aimed at evaluating the wound healing and hydration properties of Hibiscus syriacus extract from cell suspension culture.
Since ancient times, Hibiscus. species (Malvaceae) have been used as a folk remedy for the treatment of skin diseases, as an antifertility agent, antiseptic, and carminative. Some compounds isolated from the species, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polysaccharides, are considered responsible for these activities. This review aims to summarize the worldwide reported biological activities and phytoconstituents associated with this genus for the past 40 years.
Hibiscus. (Malvaceae) is a genus of herbs, shrubs, and trees; its 250 species are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. About 40 species occur in India. Many Hibiscus. species are valued as ornamental plants and are cultivated in gardens. Some species, such as Hibiscus cannabinus. L. and Hibiscus sabdariffa. L., are important sources of commercial fiber, whereas some species are useful as food, and yet others are medicinal (Anonymous, 1959). Many species belonging to this genus have been used since ancient times as folk remedies for various disorders. In Ayurveda, Hibiscus esculentus. L. fruits are considered tonic, astringent, and aphrodisiac. In Unani medicine, the fruits are considered emollient and useful for treating urinary disorders (Parrotta, 2001). The leaves and roots of Hibiscus manihot. L. are used as a poultice for boils, sprains, and sores, and the flowers are used to treat chronic bronchitis and toothache. The mucilage of the bark is considered to be an emmenagogue (Chopra et al., 1950). The seeds of Hibiscus abelmoschus. L. are valued for their diuretic, demulcent, and stomachic properties and are considered stimulant, antiseptic, cooling, tonic, carminative, and aphrodisiac. The bark, flowers, and fruits of Hibiscus bauiferus. J.G. Froster are used externally for the treatment of skin diseases such as eczema, scabies, psoriasis, and ringworm. In Ayurvedic medicine, the bark is the official source of the drug “parisha,” a reputed remedy for skin diseases (Parrota, 2001).
According to the literature, many Hibiscus. species have been investigated and found to contain many classes of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, terpenoids, steroids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, amino acids, lipids, sesquiterpene, quinones, and naphthalene groups. Some of these compounds have been shown to have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antifertility, hypoglycemic, antifungal, and antioxidative activities (Kholkute et al., 1977a; Parmar & Ghosh, 1978; Gangrade et al., 1979; Jain et al., 1997; Faraji & Tarkhani, 1999; Lin et al., 2003; Sachdewa & Khemani, 2003).
This review describes the currently available chemical and biological data on the genus Hibiscus. and suggests that the flavonoids and phenolic acids are the main classes of substances of interest to a phytochemist and pharmacologist. A number of reports have been published to establish the biological potential of this genus (Table 1).
Canthin-6-one (2) and a fatty acid fraction that contained lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids isolated from stem bark of hibiscus flower extract powder showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton interdigitale. (Yokata et al., 1978). The seed oil of Hibiscus syriacus. has shown antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. The oil was resistant against Salmonella typhi. but showed activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella newport, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylocoecus albus, Bacillus subtilis., and Bacillus anthracis.. The oil has shown significant fungicidal activity against tested plant pathogens, viz., Alternaria solani, Aspergillus niger, Colletotri-chum dematium., and Fusarium oxysporum. (Shah et al., 1988). The oil and the unsaponifiable matter from Hibiscus sabdariffa. were found to exert antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus typhimurium, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococus aureus, Staphylococcus albus. and Klebsiella pneumoniae.. These compounds also exhibited antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Trichophyton equingea, Helminthosporum rostatum, Crypto-coccus neoformans, Tricnoderm viridi, Colletotrichum falca-tum., and Alternaria solanacea.(Gangrade et al., 1979). The aqueous extract of the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa. and protocatechuic acid derived from roselle calyx inhibited effectively the growth of bacterial pathigens, viz., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa., and Acinetobacter baumannii.. The antibacterial activity of protocatechuic acid was greater than the extract (Lin et al., 2005). The ethanol extract of aerial parts and roots of Hibiscus micranthus. L. showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. and antifungal activity against Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger., and Rihzoctonia bataticola.(Jain et al., 1997).
The trinorcandalene phytoalexins, hibiscanal (3) and o.-hibiscanone (4) isolated from stem stele of hibiscus sabdariffa extract. inoculated with fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. killed all propagules of Verticillium dahliae. in the concentration range of 1–18 μg/mL (Bell et al., 1998). The volatile oil from the leaves of Hibiscus cannabinus., composed of 58 components of which the major components were (E.)-phytol, (Z)-phytol, n.-nonanol, benzene acetaldehyde, (E.)-2-hexenal, and 5-methylfur-fural, showed antifungal activity against Colletotrichum fragariae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides., and Colletrotri-chum accutatum. at 400 and 100 μg. Among the major components of the oil, only 5-methyl furfural, n.-nonanol, and benzene actaldehyde have shown antifungal activity (Kobaisy et al., 2001).
The use of Hibiscus. species as an antifertility agent has been a long-time rural folk practice in India (Chopra et al., 1950; Anonymous, 1959). Bhavamishra also mentioned this during the 18th century in Yonirogadhikar, in the 70th chapter of Bhavaprakash.. He stated that a woman could never get pregnant if she consumes during her menses a preparation made from the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. L. and fermented rice broth, along with the old jaggery. An extensive study to screen the antifertility effect of Hibiscus rosa-sinenesis. has been done. The benzene extract of the flower of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. at the dose of 73 mg/kg body weight, disturbed the estrous cycle in rats and reduced ovarian, uterine, and pituitary weight (Kholkute et al., 1976). The maximum antifertility activity of the total benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. was mediated via inhibition of implantation (Kholkute & Udupa, 1976a). The total ethanol extract of the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. also showed similar activity but was less potent than the benzene extract (Kholkute & Udupa, 1976b). The antifertility activity of flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. was affected by seasonal variations. The benzene extract of the flowers collected in winter showed maximum potency, followed by those collected in the spring, rainy season, and summer, in decreasing order (Kholkute et al., 1977). The ether-soluble portion of the water-insoluble fraction of the benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. flowers have shown significant anti-implantation and abortifacient effects in female albino rats (Singh et al., 1982). The benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. flowers, when administered intraperitoneally at dose levels of 125-250 mg/kg body weight to adult mice, resulted in an irregular estrus cycle with prolonged estrus and metestrus. An increase in the atretic follicles and absence of corpora lutea indicated the antiovulatory effect of the extract. Estrogenic activity of the benzene extract in immature mice was also evident by early opening of the vagina, premature cornification of the vaginal epithelium, and an increase in uterine weight (Murthy et al., 1997). The aqueous extract of the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight has shown anti-implantation activity. The extract showed a sharp increase in superoxide anion radical and a sharp fall in superoxide dismutase activity. It also showed antiestrogenic activity (Nivsarkar et al., 2005).
An aqueous extract from the leaves of Hibiscus macar-anthus. Hochst ex A.Rich, when given daily to 22-day-old female rats for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days, have shown a decrease in the growth rate of animals. The ovarian and uterine weights were high during the pubertal period (36–41 days). During the same period, the ovarian and uterine protein, ovarian cholesterol, and serum cholesterol levels showed significant differences in treated rats when compared with controls. The ovarian and uterine protein levels as well as the serum cholesterol level were high in animals treated with 49 mg/kg per day of plant extract. A decrease in ovarian cholesterol level was observed in the same group thereby suggesting the presence of an estrogenic compound in plant extract (Telefo et al., 1998).
Are Casement Windows a Practical Choice for Your Home?
It's just as important to choose the right windows for your home as it is to select suitable doors. Apart from how the window looks, it should also meet functional specifications, including how much ventilation and light you require, how it opens and if it comes with safety features. Generally, the most common types of windows are double-hung, sliding, and [url=http://www.broadfacade.com/casement-window/]casement windows[/url].
Casement windows are rising in popularity in Malaysian homes, and it's easy to see why. They are stylish and works well in many modern abodes. For those who are not familiar with casement windows, let's look at what casement windows are and how they work.
As its name suggests, a casement window features a window frame hinged to a sash which allows it to swing open inward or outward from the side. Thus, they come into two types of opening: inward opening and outward opening.
This type of window is typically a simple structure, flexible and offers good sealing performance, making it a favourable choice for those who want a more minimalist appearance for their home's architectural style. If you are wondering whether it is a practical choice for your home, read on to learn more about the benefits of a casement window.
If you want a window that maximises natural light and let in more airflow, casement windows do a great job. Due to their minimalist design, they also offer a broader, clearer view of your outdoors, evoking a seamless indoor-outdoor environment.
Window Elements' Optima 38 is designed with a dramatically wide and deep frame, which instantly creates a statement-making feature in your home. Ideal for bungalows and mansions as well as houses with classic or tropical themes, its elegant frame enhances the aesthetic appeal of your interior while ensuring your living spaces receive optimal views, air, and daylight. A selection of glass is also available, and you can opt for a lattice design or full glass.
More than just a good-looking element, a casement window contributes to the safety of your home as well. Thanks to advanced features and high-strength materials, today's casement windows have earned a placed in a home's security system. When designed in combination with innovative functions, casement windows are effective in securing the home from burglary attempts.
Designed with your ultimate home safety in mind, Window Elements' exquisite aluminium casement windows are highly secure yet elegant at the same time. Take Window Elements' ArxTech casement window system for example. One of the most flexible systems available in the market, ArxTech casement window is made from premium quality aluminium and comes with high tensile stainless steel security mesh. Featuring a clean-line design with square-edged inner frames adjacent to the outer frame, along with concealed hinges, this casement window provides expansive views from the inside when the window is opened. When closed, you can rest assured your house is well-protected.
Without doubt, casement windows are beautiful with their sleek edges, and streamlined design. From the outside, it gives your home's facade a modern urban look, while from the inside, it blends in with any interior style with its minimalist appearance.
Made from premium aluminium that is lightweight and clean-cut, Window Elements' Optima 29 casement window is perfect for complementing a modern minimalist home. Featuring a sleek design with square-edged inner frames adjacent to the outer frame, the window also incorporates concealed hinges and a water drainage channel. The mullion (the vertical bar between the windowpanes) is attached to the window panel, giving you the perfect view from inside out when opened. All these design elements contribute to a "less is more" outlook. In addition to Optima 29's good looks, this casement window also offers good ventilation, high sealing performance, excellent sound insulation, heat preservation and impermeability.
Whether you seek a window that blends aesthetically with your home exterior and interior, or one that ensures your home is safe and sound, Window Elements' premium range of aluminium casement windows is an excellent investment for your property. To answer the question in the title, casement windows are indeed a practical choice; in fact, they go beyond offering functional benefits, as they are incredibly stylish and secure at the same time.
uPVC casement doors can be opened both inwards and outward with the support of the hinges fastened on a frame. The [url=http://www.broadfacade.com/casement-door/]casement doors[/url] are put in with sashes with many modern modifications that enable the casement hardware to work simply and provides long run performances. The casement doors made up of sturdy, high-quality uPVC material comes with a multi-locking feature to make sure total safety. Also, the casement doors are the most effective choice to direct the breeze within your home. These casement doors are available in enticing colours to suit the client needs. They're suitable for places like Living rooms, Washrooms and Kitchens! The casement doors together with their sturdiness additionally offer 100 per cent opening, dustproof and soundproof properties. This article elaborates on Why uPVC Casement Doors are Popular.
[url=http://www.broadfacade.com/casement-door/aluminum-casement-door.html]Aluminum casement doors[/url] are doors that will be opened inwards /outwards with the assistance of hinges fastened on a frame. uPVC casement doors come back up with an updated modern twist and are designed with the highest quality casement hardware to create them pretty much simple to work and last for much longer and it will even be organized for opening within and out of doors. Also, the casement doors are perfect to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the outdoors.
The casement doors are made of sturdy materials that have wonderful thermal and acoustic properties of insulation. The simple and elegant style of these casement doors once it's combined with the multi-locking points and ensures that they'll offer total security. This type of door is best for providing ventilation for the house. Position these in such a simplest way that they'll be ready to catch the breeze and direct it within your home. Offer your home an exquisite, enticing gift through the casement Door. Besides, a uPVC casement door will increase the worth of your home.
Casement Doors
UPVC casement door comes with a hundred and eighty degrees opening that brings additional ventilation to your home. Casement doors are the proper alternative for a Soundproof and energy protection system. casement doors reach up to 45dbs with DGU. The casement door suits the bedroom, lobby area, bathroom, room entrance etc. The [url=http://www.broadfacade.com/casement-door/thermal-break-casement-door.html]thermal break casement door[/url] comes with 0.5 space glass and 0.5 space uPVC sheet or full space as glass. Moreover, the casement door has a high secured cylinder protection mechanism with a double access key. The casement door has an air adjustment mechanism to prevent energy leaks. The casement door comes in varied colours to grant attraction to your home. Besides, the casement door has five-chamber extrusion technology that helps to cut back the warmth and sound. UPVC casement door surprises you with the smooth operative, metallic handles and hardware.
The casement door comes with four 3D hinges wherever every hinge will bear 120 kilograms of weight so hinges will hold the shutter with high strength. Casement door comes with totally different styles like [url=http://www.broadfacade.com/casement-door/commercial-casement-door.html]commercial casement door[/url] cum fixed window and sliding with casement etc. All the casement doors consist of imported hardware and the Espag mechanism.
Casement windows have an unusual construction, especially when they're propped open. Unlike a lot of window styles that slide open to one side, or up and down, casement windows are hinged on a side and crank outward.
The outward prop style makes for an interesting design that some homeowners seem to love while others share not quite as much excitement for. The style is very popular in kitchens, especially over sinks, because of the outstanding ventilation, yet can be used in a number of different rooms.
Characteristics
Casement windows are very open in how they open and close. Instead of a sliding mechanism, the window is attached to a crank that drives the opening and shutting feature. The exterior hinges of the window enable complete, top to bottom ventilation.
The design is popular for kitchens where cooks like to get more ventilation than other sections of the house. The full ventilation can help remove strong odors or other smells from the kitchen, as well as help provide a nice breeze in certain times of the year.
Awning Windows
Casement style windows that are hinged at the top are known in the industry as awning windows. If you prefer this type of hinge it is important to regard them as awning casement windows so the service member can understand exactly what you want installed.
Hoppers
Windows that are casement style and hinged at the bottom are considered hoppers. A good way to picture them is like the name implies, something that is hopping inwardly to the interior of the home.
FCL Windows
A type of casement window that opens from the left-handed side of the frame. The hinges are also on the left, while the locking mechanism is on the right when looking at it from the exterior.
FCR Windows
A type of window that opens from the right-handed side of the frame. Everything is the exact opposite of an FCL opening window, so the locking mechanism is on the left and hinges on the right.
A lever, crank, or cam handle is used to open and shut these types of windows. The crank or cam handle can help support the outwardly positioned window pane when a breeze or gust picks up outside. The one major knock is you have to be careful with these when they're positioned open, as strong winds can be hard on the hinges and even rip them off.
When the glass panes are installed they are usually set in a rabbeted frame then sealed with some type of beveled putty or glazing. The compound helps secure the glass as well as help with energy efficiency.
Casement windows are often combined in two or more window frames though some only prefer a singular window. The combination of frames may include window panes that open and ones that do not. When combined together they can provide a nearly full wall view of an exterior, as well as a friendly indoor breeze.
History
Casement windows have a long history. In Europe, the style was used before the sash window was introduced. The early designs were built with a metal frame and had leaded glass.
The initial designs were still hinged, yet opened inward to the interior of the building. During the Victorian era, the designs were improved as they began to open outward and also featured shutters. It wasn't uncommon for builders to construct the casement from timber in its entirety.
Casement style windows continue to remain popular in Europe and are also built in America though not quite as common.